The First Fitna (656–661 CE) had already shattered the early consensus on leadership after the assassination of Caliph Uthman and the subsequent struggle between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Mu‘awiya. That conflict ended with Ali’s assassination in 661 and Mu‘awiya’s rise to power. Mu‘awiya moved the capital to Damascus and established dynastic rule, appointing his son Yazid as heir apparent — a break from the earlier elective tradition.
Following the death of Yazid I in 683 CE, the conflict expanded into a multi-sided civil war. The Umayyads briefly lost control over most territories as various factions vied for power: alftnt althanyt
: Led by Ibn al-Zubayr , this group challenged Umayyad legitimacy from their base in Mecca. The First Fitna (656–661 CE) had already shattered
: Radical factions who opposed both the Umayyads and the Zubayrids, establishing their own independent enclaves. The Umayyad Recovery Following the death of Yazid I in 683
The crisis began when Mu'awiya I broke with precedent by naming his son, Yazid I , as his successor. This move toward hereditary rule was met with immediate resistance from several prominent leaders in the Muslim community who viewed it as a departure from the established principle of consultation ( shura ).
refers to "strife," "trial," or "civil strife". The Second Fitna followed the First Fitna
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