If L is regular, then ∃ p (pumping length) such that any string s ∈ L with |s| ≥ p can be split as s = xyz with:
Design CFG for balanced parentheses.
(automata) designed to recognize them. This relationship is often visualized through the Chomsky Hierarchy Formal Languages and Automata Theory. formal languages and automata theory notes pdf
| Problem | Regular | CFL | CSL | RE | |---------|---------|-----|-----|-----| | Membership (w ∈ L?) | Decidable | Decidable | Decidable | Undecidable (semi) | | Emptiness (L = ∅?) | Decidable | Decidable | Undecidable | Undecidable | | Finiteness | Decidable | Decidable | Undecidable | Undecidable | | Equivalence (L₁ = L₂?) | Decidable | Undecidable | Undecidable | Undecidable | If L is regular, then ∃ p (pumping
JFLAP (simulate automata, convert grammars) | Problem | Regular | CFL | CSL