Detailed exploration of the three laws of thermodynamics. It includes extensive sections on enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy calculations. Chemical Kinetics
| Chapter | Title | Key Sub‑topics | Learning Outcomes | |---------|-------|----------------|-------------------| | 1 | | System & surroundings, state functions, first law, internal energy, enthalpy, calorimetry | Derive and apply the first law; calculate ΔU, ΔH for common processes. | | 2 | Second Law & Entropy | Reversibility, Carnot cycle, entropy change, Clausius inequality, statistical definition of entropy (Boltzmann) | Explain entropy increase; relate macroscopic entropy to microscopic configurations. | | 3 | Free Energy & Chemical Potential | Gibbs & Helmholtz functions, criteria for spontaneity, chemical potential, phase rule | Use ΔG to predict equilibrium; compute μ for ideal gases & solutions. | | 4 | Phase Equilibria | Phase diagrams, Clapeyron and Clausius–Clapeyron equations, lever rule, colligative properties | Construct phase diagrams; calculate vapor pressure changes using Raoult’s law. | | 5 | Electrochemistry | Galvanic cells, Nernst equation, standard potentials, electrolysis, fuel cells | Predict cell potentials; apply Nernst equation to pH and redox titrations. | | 6 | Chemical Equilibrium | Law of mass action, equilibrium constant, reaction quotient, Le Chatelier’s principle, ionic equilibria | Solve equilibrium problems for gases, solutions, and heterogeneous systems. | physical chemistry by hrishikesh chatterjee pdf