Climate Modeling For Scientists And Engineers- ... -

Modern models (like MPAS or ICON) use hexagonal or Voronoi meshes to allow for "mesh refinement"—increasing resolution over specific areas (like a mountain range) without the cost of a globally fine grid. 3. The Parameterization Problem

The core challenge is not a lack of physics, but an embarrassment of riches . We know the Navier-Stokes equations, the ideal gas law, the Stefan-Boltzmann law, and the principles of radiative transfer. However, the climate system operates in a regime of on a sphere. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the global climate is impossible—it would require approximately (10^36) grid points and more atoms than exist in the observable universe. Climate Modeling for Scientists and Engineers- ...

"Did we solve the equations correctly?"