: High engagement is seen in live streaming shopping on TikTok and Shopee, particularly among women aged 26–45 [22].

The rise of online streaming platforms has revolutionized the way Indonesians consume entertainment content. Some popular streaming services in Indonesia include:

: Indonesia boasts over 157 million users as of July 2024, the largest number in the world [8]. Netizens spend an average of 41 hours and 35 minutes monthly on the platform [8].