Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) have emerged as a cornerstone technology for modern power systems, enabling efficient integration of renewable energy sources, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). Unlike traditional line-commutated converters, VSCs utilize forced commutation via pulse-width modulation (PWM), offering independent control of active and reactive power, black-start capability, and compact filtering requirements. This paper reviews the fundamental operating principles of VSCs, discusses common topologies (two-level, three-level neutral-point clamped, and modular multilevel converters), analyzes hierarchical control strategies (inner current loop, outer power/voltage loop), and highlights key applications, including offshore wind integration and HVDC grids. Challenges such as AC-side harmonics, DC-side fault protection, and circulating current suppression are also addressed.
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