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Pain often masquerades as “normal” behavior in prey species. The (or Grimace Scale) has been validated for rodents, rabbits, cats, dogs, horses, and even farm animals. Key facial action units include:

By embracing the beautiful complexity of animal behavior, veterinary science becomes more humane, more accurate, and ultimately, more healing. For the animal on the exam table, that distinction is everything.

In human medicine, a patient can say, "My knee hurts." In veterinary medicine, the patient cannot. Instead, an animal communicates entirely through action. This is why is often called the "silent vital sign."