In conclusion, the nerve is a fascinating and complex component of the human body, playing a vital role in maintaining overall health and function. As we continue to advance our understanding of nerve function and develop new treatments for nerve-related disorders, we are optimistic about the potential for improving the lives of individuals affected by these conditions. As of 2016, research in neuroscience has made significant progress, and ongoing studies are expected to yield even more innovative solutions for the future.

Optogenetics, Peripheral Nerve Injury, 2016, Neuroprosthetics, Channelrhodopsin-2, Nerve Regeneration

The breakthrough of 2016 was the discovery of new opsins (light-sensitive proteins) that responded to red light. Unlike the blue light used previously, red light penetrates deeper into mammalian tissue without damaging the cells. This allowed scientists to manipulate the vagus nerve—the superhighway connecting the gut to the brain—without invasive surgery. For the first time, a behavioral change (specifically, reducing anxiety in murine models) was achieved by non-invasively activating a deep brain nerve .