HDL-FSM-Editor window showing an example design

Features:

HDL-FSM-Editor enables you to implement a digital finite state machine (FSM) in a hardware description language (HDL) such as VHDL or Verilog.
HDL-FSM-Editor is a graphical state diagram editor with which you can describe a complete FSM.
HDL-FSM-Editor allows you to implement a FSM in the same way as it is usually described in your project documentation.
HDL-FSM-Editor is the most simple FSM-Editor: It is very easy to use and avoids unnecessary functional overload.
HDL-FSM-Editor generates efficient and short HDL-code for simulation and synthesis.
HDL-FSM-Editor is platform independent, it runs at any platform which supports Python3.
HDL-FSM-Editor is freeware and open source.

Advantages:

When using HDL-FSM-Editor you create HDL designs 2 times faster compared to writing them manually in a text editor.
When using HDL-FSM-Editor you implement less mistakes, as the state diagram provides a clear overview of the functionality of the FSM.
When using HDL-FSM-Editor you will identify signals which are not read or not written easily, as they are highlighted.
When using HDL-FSM-Editor your design can also be used as your documentation.
When using HDL-FSM-Editor your colleagues can easily read, understand and modify the design you originally provided.
When using HDL-FSM-Editor your HDL-Code will not contain any redundant HDL lines (which are often generated by other tools).
When using HDL-FSM-Editor you will have immediate access to the generated HDL code inside HDL-FSM-Editor without using another tool.

Prerequisites:

You must know how an FSM works, but you must not know the difference between a Moore and a Mealy machine (although it is better if you are aware of it).
You must know a hardware description language such as VHDL or Verilog, as you have to write declarations, conditions and actions by yourself using the selected HDL.
You must have an HDL-compiler and an HDL-simulator for the verification of your implemented design.

With Answers: Zimsec O Level Mathematics Past Exam Papers

ZIMSEC deducts marks for wrong units (cm vs. m) or leaving answers as improper fractions (they usually want mixed numbers or decimals). Past answers show you the format they expect.

In this guide, we’ll explore why practicing with previous papers is the most effective way to study and where you can find the best resources to ensure you hit that Grade A. Why Use ZIMSEC O Level Mathematics Past Papers? 1. Familiarity with Exam Format

A: That is a sign that you need to go back to the basics. Do not attempt another full paper yet. Take the answer sheet and work backwards. Look at the solution for Question 1, then find that topic in your textbook. Do 10 textbook problems on that topic. Then try the past paper again.

Here you can find links to several designs which I have created.
All designs are created by HDL-SCHEM-Editor and HDL-FSM-Editor and all designs are based at VHDL (only for division also Verilog is available).
By the link you will find all the needed source-files for both tools and also the generated VHDL/Verilog-files.

Cordic module
multiplication module
multiplication module with carry-save adders (CS)
multiplication module with signed digit adders (SD)
multiplication module with binary stored-carry adders (BSC)
multiplication module with Wallace tree (WT)
multiplication module with Wallace tree and Booth encoding (WT_BOOTH)
Karatsuba multiplication module
division module
division module at signed numbers
SRT division module
square module
Cordic square-root module
square-root module
Uart
Fifo
clock-divider module
AHB Multi-Layer Bus
AHB to APB bridge

1. The Cordic module "rotate":

The module "rotation" can rotate vectors by a given angle (Cordic rotation mode) or to the x-axis (Cordic vectoring mode).
The module "rotation" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).
The module "rotation" can be used to calculate the sine or cosine of an angle.
The module "rotation" can be used to convert cartesian coordinates into polar coordinates and vice versa.

2. The multiplication module "multiply":

The module "multiply" multiplies signed numbers.
The module "multiply" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).
The module "multiply" has an architecture "struct" which implements the classic written multiplication algorithm.
The module "multiply" has an architecture "fpga" which uses the VHDL multiplication operator.

3. The multiplication module "multiply_cs":

The module "multiply_cs" uses "carry-save" adders for a carry propagation not to the next bit but to the next addition.
The module "multiply_cs" multiplies signed numbers.
The module "multiply_cs" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

4. The multiplication module "multiply_sd":

The module "multiply_sd" uses "signed digit" adders for a carry propagation only to the next digit.
The module "multiply_sd" multiplies signed numbers (internally coded with a redundant number system with radix 4).
The module "multiply_sd" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

5. The multiplication module "multiply_bsc":

The module "multiply_bsc" uses "binary stored-carry" adders for a fast limited carry propagation.
The module "multiply_bsc" multiplies signed numbers.
The module "multiply_bsc" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

6. The multiplication module "multiply_wt":

The module "multiply_wt" uses a Wallace tree for a very fast product calculation.
The module "multiply_wt" multiplies signed numbers.
The module "multiply_wt" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

7. The multiplication module "multiply_wt_booth":

The module "multiply_wt_booth" uses Booth encoding with radix-4 conversion to reduce the number of partial products.
The module "multiply_wt_booth" uses a Wallace tree for a very fast product calculation.
The module "multiply_wt_booth" multiplies signed numbers.
The module "multiply_wt_booth" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

8. The Karatsuba multiplication module "multiply_karatsuba":

The module "multiply_karatsuba" multiplies signed numbers.
The module "multiply_karatsuba" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands.
The module "multiply_karatsuba" has an architecture "struct" which implements the Karatsuba multiplication algorithm.
The module "multiply_karatsuba" has an architecture "mul_operator" which uses the VHDL multiplication operator.

9. The non restoring division module "division":

The module "division" calculates quotient and remainder from signed dividend and signed divisor.
The signs are removed before an unsigned division is executed and added afterwards.
The module "division" is available as VHDL and as Verilog design.
The module "division" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).
The module "division" uses a non restoring division algorithm.

10. The non restoring division module "division_signed":

The module "division_signed" calculates quotient and remainder from signed dividend and signed divisor.
In contrary to the module division the signs are not removed before the division is executed.
This leads to a quotient which is not coded as binary number with the bit weights 0 or 1,
but as a number with bit weights +1 or -1. After the division this number is converted into a binary number.
After the conversion the quotient and the remainder are fixed in some cases.
The module "division_signed" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).
The module "division_signed" uses a non restoring division algorithm.

11. The SRT division module "division_srt_radix2":

The module "division_srt_radix2" calculates quotient and remainder from signed dividend and signed divisor.
The module uses the SRT algorithm to make fast divisions possible even at operands which have a large number of bits.
As a radix2 SRT algorithm is used the quotient is first not coded as binary number with the bit weights 0 or 1,
but as a number with bit weights -1, 0 or +1. After the division this number is converted into a binary number.
The module "division_srt_radix2" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of all the operands and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

12. The square module "square":

The module "square" calculates the square from a signed operand.
The module is faster and smaller than the multiply module.
The module "square" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of the operand and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

13. The Cordic square-root module "cordic_square_root":

The module "cordic_square_root" calculates the root from an unsigned radicand by using the Hyperbolic Cordic algorithm.
The module "cordic_square_root" determines not only the integer bits of the root, but also the same number of bits after the binary point.
The module "cordic_square_root" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of the operand and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

14. The square-root module "square_root":

The module "square_root" calculates the root from an unsigned radicand by an exact algorithm.
When no root bits after the binary point are needed, then the module "square_root" needs the same number of iterations as the module "cordic_square_root".
Otherwise the module requires twice the number of iterations and also approximately twice as many resources.
The module "square_root" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of the operand and which define the latency of the module (in clock cycles).

15. The Uart module "uart":

The module "uart" transfers data by the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter protocol.
The module "uart" uses a clock divider which can divide by non integer numbers.
The module "uart" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of the data and other behaviour of the module.

16. The Fifo module "fifo":

The module "fifo" stores data according to the "first-in, first-out" principle.
The module "fifo" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of the data and the depth of the Fifo.

17. The clock-divider module "clock_divider":

The module "clock_divider" creates a new clock with an integer or a non-integer multiple of the incoming clock period.
The module "clock_divider" can be configured by generics which define the number of bits of the configuration inputs.

18. The AHB Multi-Layer Bus module "ahb_multilayer":

The module "ahb_multilayer" is a generic AHB Multi-Layer Bus which connects several AHB masters to several AHB slaves.
The module "ahb_multilayer" can be configured by generics which define the number of masters and slaves and some other properties.

19. The AHB to APB bridge module "ahb_apb_bridge":

The module "ahb_apb_bridge" is a generic bridge module, which connects one AHB master to several APB slaves.
The module "ahb_apb_bridge" can be configured by generics which define the number of APB slaves and some other properties.

ZIMSEC deducts marks for wrong units (cm vs. m) or leaving answers as improper fractions (they usually want mixed numbers or decimals). Past answers show you the format they expect.

In this guide, we’ll explore why practicing with previous papers is the most effective way to study and where you can find the best resources to ensure you hit that Grade A. Why Use ZIMSEC O Level Mathematics Past Papers? 1. Familiarity with Exam Format

A: That is a sign that you need to go back to the basics. Do not attempt another full paper yet. Take the answer sheet and work backwards. Look at the solution for Question 1, then find that topic in your textbook. Do 10 textbook problems on that topic. Then try the past paper again.

If you detect any bugs or have any questions,
please send a mail to "matthias.schweikart@gmx.de".